Sutherland Shire is characterized by its diverse geography and rich natural resources. Following the 1853 proclamation, the western boundary of the district was defined by the Woronora River. However, with the establishment of the Sutherland Shire on March 6, 1906, this boundary was expanded to incorporate additional agricultural land, including what is now known as Menai. By 1919, the Illawong area was also integrated into the council, further enhancing the Shire's territory, which now spans 370 square kilometers (approximately 140 square miles). Notably, 173 square kilometers (67 square miles) of this area is designated as national parkland, emphasizing the Shire's commitment to preserving its natural environment.

Geographically, Sutherland Shire is well-connected, with its northern border crossed by four essential bridges: three road bridges (Alfords Point, Tom Uglys, and Captain Cook) and the Como railway bridge. To the west, the Heathcote Road leads out of the Shire, passing the Holsworthy military reserve, while to the south, the Princes Highway provides a direct route to Wollongong. The eastern border is flanked by the Tasman Sea, offering stunning coastal views and recreational opportunities.

The landscape within Sutherland Shire is notably varied. The eastern region features rugged sea cliffs, sandy beaches, and swampy bay coasts backed by protective sand dunes. In contrast, the western part of the Shire presents a broad plateau that rises gently to the southwest, interspersed with deep river gorges. This diverse geography not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of Sutherland Shire but also contributes to its ecological significance, supporting a range of habitats and wildlife.