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Welcome to The Bootloader, I'm Tod Kurt.

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And I'm Paul Cutler.

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The

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show works like this.

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Tod and I have each brought three things to share,

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which we'll chat about for a few minutes,

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but no more than about five.

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For detailed show notes, links and transcripts,

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visit thebootloader.net.

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Tod, what's your

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first one for us?

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All right, so you know my continuing quest

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to make microcontrollers act like synthesizers.

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Well, what if there was a single chip

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you could add to your circuit

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that you could talk to with a single serial wire

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that not only gave you a synth voice,

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but a 64 voice synth with 128 different sounds,

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including piano, strings, bass guitar, a full drum kit,

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and they can all play simultaneously, it's multi-timbral.

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And it can play different sounds on different MIDI channels

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and you can change the sounds

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with MIDI program change messages.

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Oh, and it also has audio effects to apply to those sounds

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like EQ, reverb, and chorus.

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and it has a mic input that you can treat with those effects.

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This thing is bonkers.

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It's called the SAM2695,

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and it's a full General MIDI synthesizer on a chip.

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You may remember General MIDI or GM

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from PC video games in the '90s,

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where if you had a special Sound Blaster

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or an outboard GM MIDI module,

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your games would have much more cinematic music than normal.

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I remember playing "Star Wars TIE Fighter"

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on a friend's computer that had one of these,

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and man, it felt like I was in the movie.

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The SAM2695 chip is from a French company called Dream.

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They seem to specialize in these one-chip solutions

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to many music hobbyist needs,

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like keyboard synthesizer chip, USB audio interface chip,

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and 81 voice piano chip.

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Their SAM2695 is an earlier effort

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aimed at really low cost applications.

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It's around $4 in quantity, it seems like,

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when I'm looking around on Alibaba and stuff,

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and requires just a handful of support components,

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like just an oscillator

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and a couple of capacitors and resistors.

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It can be completely controlled

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by a single logic level MIDI input serial line,

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making it really easy to embed.

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And in fact, you can get some pre-made modules

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that use this chip right now from Seed or M5Stack.

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The Seed one is called the Xiao MIDI,

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the M5Stack one's called the MIDI Synth with Speaker,

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and they make another one called the MIDI Unit

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with MIDI In/Out.

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And if you'd like to learn more about this chip

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and one of the M5Stack boards,

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Kevin from DIY Electro Music has a great series of articles

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using this, the M5 stack version, with a cutie pie Xiao board.

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Kind of just to show you how little you need in terms of CPU to actually control one of

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these.

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On Dream's website, the 2695 is marked as "not recommended for new designs," but it

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seems like that's not stopping the above companies.

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I wonder what will happen to the above products if this chip really goes away.

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I don't think they're working off a copy of the chip, because it's a pretty complex thing.

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I hope this chip continues to be made forever, because it's so cool.

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I've got the M5 stack versions.

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I've been playing around with them for a couple of days.

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They're super cheap.

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They're about 12 bucks for the one with a built in speaker and $14

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for the one that has the actual MIDI ports and an audio output jack.

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And there'll be links to all this stuff in the show notes.

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Yeah, I was surprised how cheap they were.

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I mean, you're talking 12 to 20 bucks for the two or three ones

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that you link to it.

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Yeah, yeah.

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For like a fully built thing with a little little cable,

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you can just plug into your under your breadboard or into your circuit.

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And so what the heck, man?

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It's all this struggle that I've been putting on for the last several years

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of making synthesizers running in the microcontroller,

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we could just like farm it out to a little, you know, side chip.

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You have to have a whole new tips and tricks page just for

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that chip.

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Yeah.

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Well, the thing is, like, General MIDI has been around since the like

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late 80s, early 90s.

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So there's a lot of precomposed music that just runs on

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that assumes that the general MIDI sound set.

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And so one of the initial things might be to just have a simple MIDI player

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that reads MIDI files off an SD card

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and just sends the MIDI messages out to this chip

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and see what it sounds like.

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I bet it would sound pretty cool.

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I bet it would.

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(Tod laughs)

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All right, so what's your first one this time?

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My first one feels like I'm trespassing

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in your territory, Tod.

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(Tod laughs)

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I just learned about SuperCollider,

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which is a synth engine that's been around since 1996.

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So I'm guessing you've heard of it.

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Oh, yes.

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SuperCollider has three components,

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SC-Synth, a real-time audio engine implemented as a server,

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SClang, an interpreted program language that acts as a client to the server that is similar

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to Smalltalk, and SCIDE, an editor for SClang with an integrated help system.

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The server and client communicate using Open Sound Control, or OSC.

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I looked at some of the SuperCollider code examples, but couldn't wrap my head around

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it at all.

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The reason I'm bringing up a synth engine that's been around for 30 years now is because

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earlier this year, Andrew Clark thankfully wrote a Python API to SuperCollider he calls

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I hope I pronounced that right.

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And then he wrote a dozen examples and published them on GitHub.

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They include an arpeggiator, an LFO, drum sequencers, and more.

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Then he takes it to the next level.

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He created a subreddit where he explains each demo, including an introduction to the concept,

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code for each demo, and then a walkthrough.

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Knowing a little bit of Python, I was able to almost wrap my head around the concepts.

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And if Python isn't your thing, there's also APIs for JavaScript, Haskell, and more.

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That's really interesting.

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Because SuperCollider has been around for so long and because it's a programming oriented

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thing, I've been aware of it and I've bounced off of it like a half a dozen times trying

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to write stuff in it.

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And I just never been able to because it feels like a research project that turned into an

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open source community from like 40 years ago or something.

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So it's kind of just got a different shape than what I'm used to.

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But the Python interface looks pretty reasonable, you know?

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So hey, lots of really cool sounds have been made with SuperCollider.

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What's your next one for us?

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All right.

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I'm going to rant about STM32 development tools.

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Now realize, I'm a make file and text editor guy.

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My debugger is print statements, pin toggles, and oscilloscopes.

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I've developed for just about every low-cost microcontroller except the STM32.

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Now for work reasons, I'm about to get into the STM32.

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I started the dive thinking it'd be similar to the other ARM-based CPUs that I've worked with.

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I quickly find that it seems the majority of people are using ST's collection of IDE tools.

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Oh no, vendor required IDEs.

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You know what's worse than trying to reuse Arduino to write microcontroller code?

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Trying to use Eclipse to write code.

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What's worse than that?

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Using a vendor's wrapped version of Eclipse.

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And worse than that?

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A vendor-skinned Eclipse that sub-apps that run in entirely different Java VMs to configure the chip with a GUI.

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Worse than that, the only build for these tools is for Mac OS is Intel, so it runs an x86 Rosetta emulation.

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Thus a keystroke you type goes from native code to emulated x86 to Java VM to Eclipse GUI to vendor wrapper and

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finally to your screen. To say it slow is to be kind.

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On top of all that, it seems like everyone in the STM world relies on this dang GUI to configure the chips.

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So I kind of blame Arduino for this situation

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Before Arduino programming microcontrollers was like this. It was a real pain

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It was Windows only using proprietary IDEs written in Visual Basic invoking proprietary compilers all of this costing thousands of dollars

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Just getting to a blinking LED would take you weeks

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But around in 1989 AVR GCC and AVR libc was created by some kind hackers a fully open source

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Compiler suite for the very nice at Mel AVR microcontroller chips

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Of course, Atmel wanted nothing to do with this, but everyone loved it.

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And when graduate student Hernando Bargan created his wiring thesis project in 2003

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by smashing AVRGCC together with a hacked version of the Processing IDE, the beginning

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of what we now know as Arduino was created, a fully open-source, cross-platform IDE for

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writing and debugging microcontroller projects.

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I've used the Arduino IDE as a starting point for many projects, and moving to a command-line

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make file with AVRGC was pretty painless, letting me use any more advanced code editor.

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Because Arduino cores are open source, if you want to know how Arduino is configuring the chip or

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setting up pins, just poke around the core and find out how this chip's digital write works.

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So people bag on the Arduino IDE now, but it was revolutionary. It set a new standard baseline for

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MCU development apps based on GCC, Windows Mac Linux builds, and the core compiler tools

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and libraries open source. And it doesn't try to lock you into the IDE.

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So now, after Arduino came around, microcontroller vendors wanted more features than the Arduino IDE

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could manage. So what do you do? At the time, the Eclipse IDE was the VS Code of the day,

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a highly extensible IDE that could take plugins and be reskinned. Unlike VS Code, Eclipse was slow,

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bloated, terrible to look at, at least to me. And the MC inventors didn't help this with their

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often sloppy wrapping of Eclipse in their own toolkits to help the user. It further obfuscated

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what I was trying to do. Just give me a well-organized makefile, a standard library

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with docs and some example projects. I don't need your fancy GUIs. If you've ever done ESP32 or

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Raspberry Pi C development, you've experienced the benefits that I think that Arduino started.

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Good open standard libraries, good docs, GCC compiler, all of it immensely scriptable via

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Makefiles or CMake, and all very open source. All you need to write code for these chips is

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a text editor and a terminal window. And then STM32, the only MCU platform I've

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delved into. Their chips are great, I've been envious of my compatriots who have

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facility with them, but the tooling, it's like stepping back into the early 2000s with the

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weirdly slow proprietary IDEs, especially on the Mac currently.

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Thankfully, under the hood, it's all standard ARM GCC

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with a decent set of libraries for these chips.

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But I can only find the API docs for these libraries in their crazy IDE.

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There's no website for them, as far as I can tell, no PDFs.

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That's maddening.

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One sub app of the IDE is called STMQBMX,

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and it's a code generator to do proper chip configuration startup.

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This is useful, especially the way some of the STM chips work.

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And it only takes about 15 seconds to start, which

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I don't know, maybe I'm maybe I'm just just selfish here,

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but I think an app should start in faster than 15 seconds.

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And it seemingly has example projects that can generate for your chip.

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But I've not been able to find a way to actually get them to actually work.

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And when you're searching for them, good luck,

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because every time you type a character into the search field,

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It causes the whole GUI to pause for several seconds as it sort of relays it out to sort of show you the updated search results.

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*sigh*

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So, but it's very powerful and it generates code that does work.

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It blessedly can generate Makefile-compatible projects, but these code generators are fairly one-way.

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If you edit any of the output and then you go back to the code generator and change, make some settings, you might be stuck.

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You might get your code overwritten.

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I can already see the need to make some chip configuration changes.

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And it seems like the fastest path for me might be to start a whole new project, make

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those changes, then copy over my code from the previous project to it.

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In theory there are regions in the code files that are safe from the code generator, but

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not everything that needs to be modified are in those regions.

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So that's my rant.

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I'm loving the STM32 chips.

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I've already got first light on a project using them, and I'm learning them enough that

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I can almost wean myself off the weird GUIs, but man, it's slow going.

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Well, it's 2025. Who doesn't have their documentation online?

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There's whole frameworks for documentation like Astro and JavaScript

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or MKDocs and Python to make it easy to write docs.

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Yeah, I mean, I mean, part of it, part of it is is STM, STM

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Microelectronics, I think, is very sort of typical for most vendors.

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I think Espressif and Raspberry Pi are sort of aberrant

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and they're so good at their documentation.

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And so I think I just need to be in the culture,

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be in the community a bit more and learn where things are.

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I'm I've not found it's like surely there must be API doc somewhere

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It's not just

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reading the source

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But you know who knows?

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Well next up I have the perfect antidote to your rant

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And that's a

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lecture in video titled a love letter to embedded systems by V Hunter Adams

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Professor Adams teaches what I think is a graduate level course at Cornell University called digital systems design using microcontrollers

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It looks like the course uses Raspberry Pi Picos using the Pico SDK in C and teaches

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embedded development with projects like synthesizing birdsong or controlling a 1D helicopter.

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This lecture is from a little later in the semester and Professor Adams warns that it's

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the first time he's given this particular lecture.

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In it, he tries to answer four questions.

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Why should you do engineering projects?

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What makes embedded projects special?

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And two questions for his students.

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are some projects other students have completed and how can you get started on projects on

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your own?

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Coming back to that first question, why should you do an engineering project?

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He goes on to share that it's important to build things because it's really hard.

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Nothing ever works.

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He talks a little bit about simulations versus real world building.

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And then he has one of my two favorite quotes from the lecture.

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Building things fills you with humility and wonder.

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You will weep in awe of things like keyboards.

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And you know what?

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He's right.

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been a maker for a handful of years and the things I've learned on how things

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are built does leave me with wonder and the keyboard example is perfect.

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Something we use every day but you try to wire the rows and columns and make a

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working keyboard with the bouncer and everything that goes into it. Second he

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goes on to ask what makes embedded projects so special. He goes off on a

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little bit of a tangent on Leonardo da Vinci. His point being that da Vinci

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would spend months or years researching something like anatomy or shadows before

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putting it into practice by painting something like the Mona Lisa.

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His point being is that engineering is the mechanism for learning other stuff.

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But why embedded?

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They offer constraints and constraints beget complexity.

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Microcontrollers are just the right amount of complexity.

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For example, a data sheet can be hundreds of pages, which is complex, but

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not beyond the capacity of one person.

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And if you get a little magic smoke, microcontrollers just a few bucks and

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maybe some burn fingertips, make a mistake with a high power system, and...

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And then lastly, he shares my favorite quote, which is something I've struggled

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to articulate when I'm asked about my hobbies and why I enjoy them.

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Professor Adams shares that one reason he believes embedded engineering is special

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is because it sits on the boundary of the natural world and the computational world.

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Debugging places you in conversation with nature and with physics.

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Is the bug in the software, the hardware, or is it a consequence of physics?

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The lecture is about 40 minutes and I'm not saying you should rush out and watch it right

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away.

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But if you're doing something else like cooking in the kitchen, doing the dishes or out for

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a walk, give it a listen.

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I think you'll enjoy it.

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Yeah, it's so good.

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I've actually been watching this lecture of his.

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I'm about like maybe 10 lectures in or so.

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I haven't gotten to this one yet, but I listened to this whole thing.

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It's wonderful.

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Almost everybody at this point now in our lives, everybody that we know has written

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and software and the feeling of power you get

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when you've created a program,

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you're like, I'm changing the world.

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You know, it's like, I'm drawing a snake on the screen,

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but I did that, you know, and like that sense of like,

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I'm the master of this tiny universe.

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And I feel that's one of the things that embedded stuff

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is really good for because not only am I affecting

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just pixels on my screen, but I'm actually causing things

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to move in real world, you know,

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or I'm causing a thing to sense the real world,

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and that's super powerful.

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I agree.

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That's one reason why I love it.

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I mean, everyone always uses the example

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of the first time you get something

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to blink on a microcontroller,

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but there is awe and wonder the first time

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00:16:01,520 --> 00:16:02,380
you get it to blink on a

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microcontroller.

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(laughing)

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I

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have the power.

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What's your last one for us?

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00:16:10,500 --> 00:16:14,780
Okay, so you ever wondered about those grid key layouts

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on some synthesizers or MIDI controllers?

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The linear arrangement of a piano is conceptually simple,

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but it's actually kind of terrible for performance.

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If you played a guitar,

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00:16:24,160 --> 00:16:25,260
especially for the lower four strings,

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00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:27,280
you've experienced a 2D note layout

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that's more intuitive and easier for transposing.

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You figure out a chord shape,

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and that chord shape stays the same

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as you move it up or down the fretboard.

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For keyboard players,

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00:16:36,340 --> 00:16:38,340
we've been seeing an explosion of 2D layouts

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for these 2D grid instruments like Monom, Launchpad,

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or my favorite, the SynthStrum Deluge.

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They have this more rational guitar-like layout

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where a specific arrangement of buttons

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can mean a major chord or a minor chord,

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and you can play that arrangement kind of anywhere,

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depending on where you kind of want the sound to be

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in terms of its pitch.

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And since they're still linear, like for each row,

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it makes sense when you're coming from a piano.

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00:17:01,820 --> 00:17:03,120
But is there even better layout,

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00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:05,640
better for performance that has some music theory

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00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:07,860
baked in to make playing even easier?

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And the answer is yes.

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There is a layout called the harmonic table note layout.

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This layout has the keys in a hexagonal grid,

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but not linearly as grid instruments.

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00:17:18,319 --> 00:17:21,540
Instead, these notes are spaced according to a tonnet,

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00:17:21,939 --> 00:17:23,420
or tonnets in German,

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where notes are arranged

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00:17:25,220 --> 00:17:26,939
how they relate harmonically to each other.

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This was originally devised by Leonard Euler in the 1700s.

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It's kind of cool that like there's something

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from so far in the past that can be modernly useful

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in terms of alternate instrument layout.

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So how do you use this?

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So imagine a hexagon grid.

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Pick any hexagon in that grid

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and that's your root note, like C.

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The hexagon right above is the perfect fifth

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above the root, so like G.

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And the hexagons to the left or right of your root

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is either the minor third or the major third.

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So it sounds a little bit confusing,

356
00:18:01,440 --> 00:18:02,720
but it's really easy to play a chord.

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Just play that C, your root note, the G right above it,

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00:18:06,420 --> 00:18:08,980
and then pick if you wanna go the left or the right

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00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:10,620
to play a major or minor chord.

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00:18:11,280 --> 00:18:13,080
And because everything is grouped together,

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like all these hexagons are touching each other,

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00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:17,580
you can actually play a whole chord with one finger

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00:18:17,940 --> 00:18:19,260
by just going at the intersection

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00:18:19,380 --> 00:18:20,960
of where those three hexagons meet.

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And BOMP, you can play a major chord,

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or BOMP, you can play a minor chord.

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00:18:25,140 --> 00:18:25,980
It's a really wild layout.

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00:18:26,380 --> 00:18:27,500
I've been wanting to build a MIDI controller

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00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:29,380
around this idea for a while.

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I keep forgetting about it 'cause it's like,

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there's so many cool things to work on.

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But just recently I came across a post

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from the maker of the Teensy microcontrollers, PGRC,

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00:18:39,780 --> 00:18:42,200
posted a really nice build of a harmonic MIDI controller

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00:18:42,280 --> 00:18:43,540
using key switches.

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It's got some other tricks like velocity sensitivity

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00:18:46,920 --> 00:18:48,860
for computer key switches that I want to look into as well.

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00:18:49,260 --> 00:18:50,580
I think I might talk about that in a future episode.

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00:18:51,660 --> 00:18:52,640
And if you're looking to play

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00:18:52,720 --> 00:18:54,840
with this weird hexagonal layout right now,

381
00:18:55,260 --> 00:18:58,200
there's a web-based keyboard called Harmo app in the notes

382
00:18:58,340 --> 00:18:59,520
that you can kind of try it out.

383
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:01,580
It's not as fun as like a real thing

384
00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:03,320
because you just have the single mouse pointer

385
00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:04,840
as opposed to like all 10 of your fingers,

386
00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:06,980
but it gives you the idea of kind of where the notes,

387
00:19:07,420 --> 00:19:09,000
like kind of how the notes relate to each other.

388
00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:12,900
And there was a physical MIDI controller called the Axis

389
00:19:12,900 --> 00:19:14,880
that you can find on eBay and Reverb.

390
00:19:15,340 --> 00:19:17,000
And it has like kind of all the features

391
00:19:17,120 --> 00:19:17,760
of this thing as well.

392
00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:19,240
And so I'm wondering,

393
00:19:19,610 --> 00:19:21,280
should I make a harmonic table controller

394
00:19:21,500 --> 00:19:22,720
using a Pico and CapTouch

395
00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:24,380
like my other little CapTouch mini controllers?

396
00:19:25,700 --> 00:19:26,060
(laughs)

397
00:19:26,620 --> 00:19:28,460
So maybe that might come in the future, I don't know.

398
00:19:28,780 --> 00:19:31,020
But it's like, it was so fun to watch some of the videos.

399
00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:33,000
I'll include some links in the show notes

400
00:19:33,420 --> 00:19:35,920
of websites that have some videos of people playing

401
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,780
and you can play really smoothly and fastly

402
00:19:38,860 --> 00:19:39,600
on this new layout.

403
00:19:40,060 --> 00:19:42,880
Have you updated your Synthstrom deluge

404
00:19:42,880 --> 00:19:45,020
new layout? See, I'm not sure

405
00:19:45,020 --> 00:19:48,180
if you can map the hexagon grid to a

406
00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:52,360
rectangular grid because the Deluge has a rectangular grid and you can sort of

407
00:19:52,460 --> 00:19:57,000
say that the hexagonal grid is sort of a sheared version of a rectangular grid

408
00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:01,500
but I don't know I think it might be better just to have a separate box

409
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:07,020
that is the hexagonal buttons feeding into the Deluge. Sure. All right Paul, so

410
00:20:07,060 --> 00:20:08,640
what's your third one for this time?

411
00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:12,860
Thanks to Mastodon user GeekandDad I

412
00:20:12,860 --> 00:20:17,520
is a board game for players 8 and up to build mechanical circuits to solve puzzles.

413
00:20:18,050 --> 00:20:19,660
I love the description on their webpage.

414
00:20:20,330 --> 00:20:22,820
Feel the pull of voltage and see the flow of current.

415
00:20:23,360 --> 00:20:28,500
Electronics is abstract, but Spintronics makes circuits tangible, irresistibly touchable,

416
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:29,660
and deeply intuitive.

417
00:20:30,480 --> 00:20:32,960
There are three game components available for purchase.

418
00:20:33,320 --> 00:20:39,800
Act 1 is about $85 and introduces basic concepts including series and parallel, capacitor circuits,

419
00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:41,000
logic circuits, and more.

420
00:20:41,780 --> 00:20:46,920
Act 2 introduces the transistor and the inductor with intermediate and advanced concepts like

421
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:49,940
amplification, power conversion, feedback, and oscillators.

422
00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:54,320
I briefly went through a board game phase with my kids, who unfortunately are grown

423
00:20:54,420 --> 00:20:56,840
and gone, but I would have totally bought this.

424
00:20:57,460 --> 00:21:00,000
You know, I probably still don't know half of these concepts myself.

425
00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:04,420
Now if you're into board games, you know that things aren't cheap and Spintronics is no

426
00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:04,920
exception.

427
00:21:05,540 --> 00:21:10,039
You can get a bundle of Act 1 and Act 2 for about $150 or add the power pack and get all

428
00:21:09,940 --> 00:21:13,100
three for about 180. If you visit their store, they also have

429
00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:15,620
replacement parts, including batteries, chains, resistors,

430
00:21:15,700 --> 00:21:19,300
and the list goes on. And the second company this year after

431
00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:22,640
micro critter that we featured in the podcast that's local to

432
00:21:22,660 --> 00:21:25,060
me, their headquartered in St. Paul, Minnesota. So that's kind

433
00:21:25,060 --> 00:21:25,400
of cool.

434
00:21:25,840 --> 00:21:26,420
Oh, neat. Yeah.

435
00:21:27,020 --> 00:21:29,560
Yeah, we're not really known as a maker hub. But you know, two

436
00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:31,120
things this year. So that's kind of kind

437
00:21:31,120 --> 00:21:31,360
of neat.

438
00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:34,440
Yeah, this this is really fascinating. It's like, when

439
00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:37,180
you're when you're taught, you know, like, I went to school for

440
00:21:37,140 --> 00:21:39,820
electronics, basically. And so there's a lot of these

441
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:41,900
analogies you hear, like one of the most common is the

442
00:21:42,120 --> 00:21:44,200
water analogy, you know, like the amount of water is

443
00:21:44,220 --> 00:21:46,700
like the amount of current in a circuit, etc, etc. This

444
00:21:46,740 --> 00:21:49,640
is all mechanical, it's like gears and stuff. I think

445
00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:51,000
that's really fascinating that like, oh, if you want

446
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:52,760
to, you know, if you want to show how a parallel

447
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:55,720
circuit works, you have like a gear train with two

448
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:59,180
sprockets and going off to driving one one thing or

449
00:21:59,220 --> 00:22:02,780
whatever. And there's like a resistor sprocket that

450
00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:04,860
has like, I think a spring in it or something that

451
00:22:04,860 --> 00:22:06,040
sort of resist turning.

452
00:22:06,140 --> 00:22:09,780
And so I find the mechanisms themselves fascinating.

453
00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:12,480
It's like, how are they translating these concepts?

454
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:14,680
And like, what are these mechanisms doing?

455
00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:17,400
As someone who doesn't know mechanical engineering at all,

456
00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:20,420
it's like, well, I know electronics.

457
00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:23,380
And so I really want to see how these mechanisms work.

458
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:26,040
And if, you know, cost might be prohibitive for some,

459
00:22:26,120 --> 00:22:27,620
but when you look at the parts that are included,

460
00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:28,720
like you're talking about,

461
00:22:29,520 --> 00:22:30,080
I can see

462
00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:31,560
how it easily adds up to that.

463
00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:33,580
Oh yeah, 'cause like each little thing,

464
00:22:33,580 --> 00:22:37,980
like, "Oh, here's a Spintronic capacitor and it's got like a little display and a spring

465
00:22:38,120 --> 00:22:40,320
and it's also a sprocket of some kind."

466
00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:44,400
Yeah, I mean, each one is a complicated little item in and of itself.

467
00:22:45,140 --> 00:22:45,820
It's fascinating.

468
00:22:47,560 --> 00:22:48,400
Well, that's our show.

469
00:22:48,680 --> 00:22:51,840
For detailed show notes and transcripts, visit thebootloader.net.

470
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:53,960
And until next time, stay positive.