House Renovation Surrey

House Renovation Surrey

Flooring installation

That's why we kick things off with a deep dive into your ideas and aspirations. Learn more about House Renovation Surrey here Their team of skilled professionals uses high-quality materials and pays meticulous attention to detail, guaranteeing that the finished product not only meets but exceeds your expectations. Having explored our commitment to sustainability, let's now walk you through the steps involved in our renovation process. Firstly, consider a home equity loan or line of credit. Moreover, we leverage the latest technology to enhance our project management capabilities.
This isn't just about completing a project; it's about creating a space that feels like a true extension of you and your lifestyle.

House Renovation Surrey - Window replacement

  • Electrical renovations
  • Porch renovation
  • Home addition services
  • Whole house renovation
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Sunroom addition
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Foundation repair
We're committed to not just meeting, but exceeding your expectations, ensuring that every detail, no matter how small, is perfect. Attic renovation Whether it's modernizing the living areas with state-of-the-art technology or turning your bathroom into a spa-like retreat, they've got the expertise to make it happen. Learn more about Professional Home Renovation Surrey Contractors here. Not only do they handle the big picture projects, but they also take care of the finer details.
And if you're thinking about expanding your living space, we specialize in basement finishing and home additions. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that's committed to making your renovation journey a success from start to finish. As you imagine a future where your home evolves with your lifestyle, Canyon Property Projects offers the first step towards making that vision a reality. First, you'll reach out to their team, either through a quick call or by filling out an online form on their website.
Let's transform your home into a model of sustainability, showcasing that eco-friendly choices can coexist with sophisticated design and modern comfort. Upon completion, they ensure everything is perfect, down to the last detail. You've also made significant contributions to local causes and events, further embedding yourselves within the community fabric. With Canyon Property's project management excellence, you're not just renovating your home; you're enhancing your life.

That's why we're dedicated to offering custom renovation solutions that align with your specific desires and requirements. Residential remodeling It'll be a true reflection of you, making it a place where you'll love to live for years to come. Smart homes are evolving beyond convenience, offering solutions that anticipate your needs before you even realize them.

House Renovation Surrey - Eco-friendly renovations

  • Tile installation services
  • Smart home upgrades
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  • Basement suite construction
  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Garage renovation
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Basement finishing
  • Living room renovation
  • Home renovation
  • Countertop installation
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • House remodeling experts
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Toilet installation
  • Closet renovations
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Home energy audit
They're not just talking about installing energy-efficient appliances or LED lighting-though that's part of it.

When you're looking to transform your home, you'll find that their approach is both refreshing and highly efficient.

House Renovation Surrey - Painting and wall finishes

  • Interior painting
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Structural renovation
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Mudroom design
  • Project management
  • Tile installation services
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Basement suite construction
Your dream home is within reach, and they're here to guide you every step of the way. You'll never find hidden fees or unexpected delays with us.

Canyon Property Projects deeply values its role in the House Renovation Surrey community, actively participating in local initiatives to strengthen neighborhood bonds and enhance the area's overall well-being. Let's explore together how Canyon Property Projects could be the missing piece in turning your property dreams into reality. This flexibility means you won't have to put off your renovation dreams due to a tight schedule.

Once the project is complete, they conduct a detailed walkthrough with you to ensure every detail is to your liking. One client, Sarah, couldn't stop praising how the team transformed her outdated kitchen into a modern, eco-friendly space. 'They listened to every request and delivered beyond expectation,' she says. Once you've agreed on the details, they'll get to work creating a detailed plan.

Citations and other links

House Renovation Surrey Home Transformation Ideas

Our team at Canyon Property Projects doesn't just follow the latest trends; we're setting them. They've got a knack for seamlessly integrating tech solutions with hands-on expertise, which means you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a finely-tuned team dedicated to making your vision a reality without the usual stress. Once you're happy and give the green light, they'll kick off the project, keeping you informed and involved every step of the way. Garage conversion Choosing Canyon Property Projects means partnering with a team that's dedicated to quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction.

Whether you're dreaming of a modern, open-plan kitchen or a luxurious, spa-like bathroom, they've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life. You'll notice the difference this makes the moment you step into a space transformed by Canyon Property Projects. After reimagining your kitchen, consider how a full-scale renovation by Canyon Property Projects can transform your entire home into a masterpiece of design and comfort.

Fortunately, contacting them is straightforward and customer-friendly. Painting and wall finishes We dive deep into your vision, prioritizing your preferences while ensuring every space is optimized for your lifestyle. Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd means you're opting for a seamless blend of quality, reliability, and unmatched expertise.

This transparency builds trust and ensures the final outcome aligns with your expectations. Once you give the green light, our team swings into action, obtaining necessary permits to ensure your project complies with local regulations and standards. They'll keep you in the loop at every stage, ensuring there are no surprises.

House Renovation Surrey Home Transformation Ideas
House Renovation Surrey Property Remodeling

House Renovation Surrey Property Remodeling

Getting started with Canyon isn't just about kicking off a project; it's about laying the foundation for a trusted partnership. Embracing sustainable practices, Canyon Property Projects Ltd ensures that your home renovation reduces environmental impact while enhancing efficiency. This tech-savvy approach minimizes delays and ensures your renovation is completed to the highest standards. From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts. From the initial design process to the unveiling of innovative solutions by their expert team, they redefine the concept of customization in home renovation.

The interest rates are usually favorable, making it a popular choice. The process is straightforward and designed to ensure your experience is as seamless and stress-free as possible. Whether you're entertaining guests or spending quality time with family, an open concept can transform the way you interact within your home. Their job isn't done until you're completely satisfied.

Trust us to turn your renovation dreams into a tangible reality, with craftsmanship that speaks for itself and a commitment to excellence that's unmatched.

House Renovation Surrey - Accessible home design

  1. Interior remodeling
  2. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  3. Plumbing upgrades
  4. Window replacement
  5. Electrical renovations
  6. Porch renovation
  7. Home addition services
  8. Whole house renovation
  9. Bathroom renovation
  10. Laundry room renovation
  11. Sunroom addition
  12. Built-in storage solutions
  13. Bathroom tile renovation
  14. Surrey custom home upgrades
  15. Home remodeling consultation
  16. Aging-in-place renovations
  17. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  18. Kitchen cabinet replacement
These aren't just any workers; they're specialists in their fields, ensuring that whether you're updating a kitchen, transforming a bathroom, or adding an extension to your home, you're covered by the best in the business.

House Renovation Surrey - Entryway remodeling

  1. Basement finishing
  2. Living room renovation
  3. Home renovation
  4. Countertop installation
  5. Entertainment room renovation
  6. House remodeling experts
  7. Modern home renovation Surrey
  8. Outdoor kitchen installation
  9. Toilet installation
  10. Closet renovations
  11. Surrey heritage home restoration
  12. Home energy audit
  13. Wall removal services
  14. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  15. Open concept renovation
  16. Financing options for renovation
  17. Exterior home renovation
  18. Home improvement services
What sets them apart is their commitment to not only meeting but exceeding your expectations. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects is committed to incorporating sustainable solutions that save water and energy, proving that beauty and efficiency can go hand in hand.

When you choose them for your project, you're not just getting a renovation; you're getting a masterclass in precision and skill. They've integrated green building materials and energy-efficient designs into their renovation projects, ensuring you're not just revamping your space but also contributing positively to the environment. They don't just work for you; they work with you, making sure every tile, fixture, and finish reflects your personal style and meets your needs. This open line ensures that any hiccups are swiftly addressed, keeping the project on track.

House Renovation Surrey Outdoor Renovation

You'll see a plethora of projects ranging from cozy kitchen remodels to expansive backyard makeovers.

House Renovation Surrey - Eco-friendly renovations

  1. Green home remodeling
  2. Deck and patio remodeling
  3. Soundproofing renovation
  4. Baseboard and trim renovation
  5. Custom home remodeling
  6. Custom design-build services
  7. Home layout redesign
  8. Basement waterproofing
  9. Door installation
  10. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  11. Renovation cost estimates
  12. Exterior siding replacement
  13. Staircase renovation
  14. Local home renovators Surrey
  15. Painting and wall finishes
  16. Renovation contractors
  17. Laminate flooring installation
  18. Hardwood floor refinishing
  19. Accessible home design
  20. Eco-friendly renovations
It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating a space that enhances your quality of life every single day. Canyon prides itself on keeping you informed and involved, making sure your renovation is tailored just for you.

House Renovation Surrey - Laminate flooring installation

  1. Eco-friendly renovations
  2. Entryway remodeling
  3. Garage conversion
  4. Home theater installation
  5. Interior remodeling
  6. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  7. Plumbing upgrades
  8. Window replacement
  9. Electrical renovations
  10. Porch renovation
  11. Home addition services
  12. Whole house renovation
  13. Bathroom renovation
  14. Laundry room renovation
  15. Sunroom addition
  16. Built-in storage solutions
  17. Bathroom tile renovation
  18. Surrey custom home upgrades
  19. Home remodeling consultation
Whether it's sponsoring a local sports team or participating in city clean-up efforts, your actions have spoken louder than words.

You'll find comfort in knowing that we're always up-to-date with the latest building codes, materials, and trends, making sure your renovation isn't just aesthetically pleasing but also compliant and forward-thinking. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects tailors their services to fit your budget without compromising on quality or aesthetic appeal.

House Renovation Surrey - Renovation contractors

  1. Best renovation experts Surrey
  2. Basement suite construction
  3. Surrey home renovation company
  4. Garage renovation
  5. Energy-efficient renovations
  6. Basement finishing
  7. Living room renovation
  8. Home renovation
  9. Countertop installation
  10. Entertainment room renovation
  11. House remodeling experts
  12. Modern home renovation Surrey
  13. Outdoor kitchen installation
  14. Toilet installation
  15. Closet renovations
  16. Surrey heritage home restoration
  17. Home energy audit
  18. Wall removal services
  19. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
One homeowner shares, 'They transformed our kitchen while sticking to green materials.

They're not just about making your space look new; they're focused on making it work better for you. You're not just getting builders; you're partnering with seasoned designers, architects, and craftsmen who understand the nuances of creating a space that's both beautiful and functional. What sets us apart is our commitment to communication and collaboration.

They listen to your needs, preferences, and concerns, ensuring that every aspect of the project aligns with your vision. We understand the importance of reducing our carbon footprint and strive to make eco-friendly choices from start to finish. Avoiding common renovation mistakes can save you both time and money when customizing your home with Canyon Property Projects.

House Renovation Surrey Outdoor Renovation
Exterior Home Upgrades House Renovation Surrey
Exterior Home Upgrades House Renovation Surrey

Behind every successful renovation project lies a team of skilled professionals dedicated to bringing your vision to life. Interior remodeling Safety and quality standards are our priority, ensuring a seamless transition from the old to your new, transformed space. Whether it's a luxurious walk-in shower, a statement-making vanity, or ambient lighting that sets the perfect mood, they've got the skills to bring your dream bathroom to life. At Canyon Property Projects, we elevate your home renovation experience by offering unparalleled, personalized service that sets us apart in the industry.

Following the consultation, we'll draft a comprehensive plan, including designs and a clear scope of work, so you know exactly what to expect at every turn. Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming bathrooms; they're also revolutionizing kitchens into culinary paradises. It's not just about renovating homes; it's about rebuilding trust and forging lasting relationships with homeowners and local businesses alike.

As you click through the gallery, notice the attention to detail in each transformation. Renovation contractors We understand that your home is a reflection of you, which is why we're dedicated to not just meeting, but exceeding your renovation expectations. Hardwood floor refinishing We don't stop at materials, though.

It's clear they're not just building or renovating homes; they're crafting spaces that homeowners are proud to live in while also respecting the earth. With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your space; you're creating a personalized oasis tailored to your every desire. You'll find their team eager to discuss your project, whether you're contemplating a simple update or a comprehensive remodel.

House Renovation Surrey Exterior Home Facade Upgrades

Canyon Property's commitment to eco-friendly practices without sacrificing quality was evident in every choice they made on our behalf. Eco-friendly renovations We focus on functional design, energy efficiency, and incorporating smart home technology, all aimed at enhancing your living experience. Whether it's a dream kitchen that caters to your culinary adventures, a bathroom that serves as a spa-like retreat, or a living room that perfectly balances style and comfort, custom renovations allow you to bring these visions to life. Explore House Renovation Surrey here You'll find more homes being renovated with recycled materials, renewable resources, and products that have a minimal impact on the environment.
Imagine your home in House Renovation Surrey as a diamond in the rough, holding untold potential that only needs the expert touch of Canyon Property Projects to truly shine. Ignoring the importance of hiring professionals is also a pitfall. So, if you're looking to break free from the mundane and embrace a home that's tailor-made for you, they're the team to call.
For smaller projects, a 0% APR credit card could be a smart choice, especially if you can pay off the balance before the promotional period ends. They plan meticulously to ensure materials are used efficiently, and what can't be used gets recycled, ensuring as little as possible ends up in the landfill.

House Renovation Surrey - Interior remodeling

  1. Flooring installation
  2. Attic renovation
  3. Residential remodeling
  4. Crown molding installation
  5. Soaking tub installation
  6. Painting and wall finishes
  7. Renovation contractors
  8. Laminate flooring installation
  9. Hardwood floor refinishing
  10. Accessible home design
  11. Eco-friendly renovations
  12. Entryway remodeling
  13. Garage conversion
  14. Home theater installation
  15. Interior remodeling
  16. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  17. Plumbing upgrades
  18. Window replacement
From digital blueprints to project tracking apps, we employ tools that allow for precise planning and execution. Read more about House Renovation Surrey here
They work closely with you, considering your preferences, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space to design and execute renovations that aren't only beautiful but also practical. By choosing Canyon Property Projects, you're opting for a renovation that respects the environment while enhancing your living space. Throughout this phase, communication is key. Plumbing upgrades



House Renovation Surrey - Hardwood floor refinishing

  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Garage renovation
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Basement finishing
  • Living room renovation
  • Home renovation
  • Countertop installation
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • House remodeling experts
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Toilet installation
  • Closet renovations
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Home energy audit
  • Wall removal services
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Open concept renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
House Renovation Surrey Exterior Home Facade Upgrades

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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